マルス｜ MARS 日本鐵路磁氣自動席位預約系統
車票記載内容【1】
Information on a Ticket – Part 1
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簡介
Introduction
日本擁有全世界最複雜全面的綜合票務系統之一。此票務系統容許乘客在日本各地購買全國的車票，兼且提供乘客一系列的不同票務與出行選擇，其便利與彈性領先地位依然無與倫比。
磁氣自動席位預約系統（簡稱 マルス MARS）在1960年代由日本鐵道部門研發，以應付日益增長的車位預約需求。這個系統減低了票務上的工序，尤其是在其他車站始發的列車。這個系統也有效減低了重複售賣座席的風險。時到今天，系統涵蓋整個日本旅客鐵道網絡，以及不少的第三鐵道部門與私人鐵道公司的網路，能夠為網絡提供多不勝數的票務服務與車票種類，例如販售基本乘車券，急行券，綠色車廂券，指定席與非指定席券，周遊列車票與寝台券等等，也有有限度售賣國内機票與博物館入場票的功能。
以下將會介紹主力介紹遊客經常接觸為JR系統販售的磁氣基本乘車券與指定席券的資訊，其票面顏色為藍色。本文不會討論短途金額票（其票面為橙色）
Japan holds one of the most complicated yet comprehensive integrated ticketing systems in the entire world. This ticketing system allows ticketing to happen across the JR network as well as providing passengers with unrivaled flexibility with ticketing and route planning.
MARS, or Magnetic-electronic Automatic Reservation System, was developed in the 1960s to cope with increasing amounts of seat reservations across the JR network. The system reduced the time and work required to issue tickets, especially ones not originating from the station it was purchased from. It also reduced the likelihood of the same seat being sold twice. Nowadays, this system covers the entirety of the JR network, as well as some third-sector and private railways, and is capable of issuing a wide array of tickets, including Basic Fare, Express, Green, Reserved and Non-Reserved, Cruise and Sleeper tickets, as well as some domestic Boarding Passes and Museum ticketing.
This article will focus on Basic fare and Seat Reservation tickets issued for JR trains issued using MARS (Blue Tickets). This article will not cover Fixed-Fare tickets issued in short distance ticket machines (Orange Tickets).
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基本乘車券
Basic Fare Tickets
一張由一部MV50指定席售票機外語介面購入的基本車票 A Fare Ticket purchased using a MV50 Reserved Seat Machine’s English Interface
基本乘車券是磁氣自動席位預約系統中最基本的票種。他容許一位乘客自由乘坐任何行駛在票面記載的線路的列車，完成票上的車程。當中，此票對於使用的時間以及發行地點，使用方法等等有極少的限制，唯獨如果需要乘坐特別列車或急行列車，則必須配上一張相對應的額外車票。
The basic fare ticket is the most basic form of ticket offered using the magnetic-electronic automatic seat reservation system. It allows it’s holder to complete a journey originating and ending in the described station by taking any train running on the line specified during it’s period of validity. The restrictions on it’s use are it’s sale are comparatively low compared to other countries, although boarding special trains and express trains will require an additional ticket.
1 | 車站名稱 Station Name
羅馬字車站名稱只會在外語介面打印
Romanji name printings will only occur on tickets printed using non-Japanese Interfaces
2 | 路線列表 Routing
此欄記載著乘客購買的路線。由於車費按距離計算，乘客可以自由選擇如何規劃路線，也能自願使用較遠的行程，所選擇的路線將會記載在此。
例如，一位從東京出發前往大阪的乘客能夠選擇利用東海道線或中央本線，雖然前者較爲直接快捷，票務系統依然會提供後者給予乘車選擇。在人工櫃位甚至能夠購買極迂迴路線的車票，唯磁氣票只能夠處理九條走線以下的行程，其餘複雜乘車票會以手寫票提供。
This field describes the route that the passenger purchased. As the fare of the ticket is calculated by the kilometer, passengers are free to plan to use whichever routing or lines they please, and what they selected will be printed here.
For example, a passenger bound for Osaka from Tokyo would be given the option between the Tokaido Main Line or the Chuo Main Line. Even though the former routing provides a shorter, cheaper and quicker route, the system holds no prejudice and allows the passenger to opt for whichever route they please. Moreover, more complicated and counterintuitive routing are available for purchase at the ticket counters, although MARS could only process 9 unique routes, with further routing only available using handwritten tickets.
3 | 有效日期 Date
絕大部分的鐵路車票會在前一個月相同的日期十時起開始發售（或在沒有相同日子的情況時就會在上一個月最後的日子開售，例如三月三十一日的車票則會在二月二十八發售）（使用全國通票則會在相同月第一日開始，因此指定席搶票會比較有弱勢）。乘客能夠提早在有售票功能的車站提早購買車票，減少在無人車站需要車上補票的煩惱。
當然，乘客也能在票務窗口或自動售賣機購買當天的車票！
Most tickets in Japan commence sales at 10am on the same day one month ahead, or in the cases that the same day does not exist in the month prior, then it will commence on the last day of the prior month (e.g. tickets on March 31 will commence sale on Febuary 28). However, when using a Nationwide JR Pass to make seat reservations, this fallback rules becomes the first day of the same month of the reservation instead, which makes using a Pass to reserve popular trains comparatively disadvantageous.
Passengers could purchase basic fare tickets ahead of their rides, which could be convenient when the ride originates from a unmanned station, reducing the annoyance of having to purchase a ticket from the conductor or driver during the ride. Of course, passengers are also able to purchase a ticket for the same day at the ticket office or the automatic vending machines as well.
4 | 有效期間 Period of Validity
大都市的車票通常無論距離劃一有一天的有效期，但當車票使用範圍離開了大都市，其有效期將會與乘車距離成正比，而超過一百公里的長途車票會容許乘客中途下車以及離開車站休息，超過一百公里但少於二百公里的長途車票有效期為兩天，其後毎二百公里會加一天。
雖然新幹線普及以及廣泛的特急列車減低了超過一天車程的需求，但有效規劃行程，利用車票有效期規劃旅行可以節省車票開支，離開與重返車站時的印章也使車票變成一個極具紀念價值的紀念品。在二零零四年運算的最長單程車票距離達到一萬一千五百多公里，有效期為五十七日，車票約九萬日元。
In large cities, tickets are valid for one day regardless of where you go, but once you leave the metropolis, a ticket’s validity becomes a function proportional to it’s distance, with long distance tickets, which allows for stopovers along the route for rest and sightseeing, defined as trips longer than 100KM. Tickets over 100KM but less than 200KM are valid for two days, and a day is added for every subsequent 200KM purchased.
While the proliferation of high speed high capacity Shinkansen and fast Limited Express trains reduced the demand for trips longer than one day, with proper planning, a person can utilize a simple basic fare ticket to go on excursions across the country for cheap. Moreover, the validation stamps applied onto the ticket during each stopovers makes each ticket a unique irreplaceable souvenir for travelers. The longest possible one way basic fare ticket computed in 2004 was over 11000KM costing over 90000JPY and is valid for 57 Days.
5 | 車費 Fare
車費通常按照路線距離計算，並會按照收費距離參考收費表。即便如此收費表本身有分幹線與地方交通線收費表，後者較爲昂貴。北海道，九州與四國也有獨立的收費表，當從該地區來往本州三社（即東日本，東海以及西日本）車站時，必須在距離收費上附加額外車資。大都市裡的車費也有特例，但由於所有車費也會由售票機自動計算，乘客正常無需擔心這些細節。
除此之外，當一條普速在來鐵路線遇上平行的新幹線時，其車費不會因為其中一條比較迂迴或繞路而增加收費的距離。假如有購買新幹線的特急車票，也無需因為走線不同而導致基本車資失效，基本車票會把在來線與其平行的新幹線一視同仁計算車資。
Fares are generally calculated by distance by looking up a fare table. However, fare tables differ between Main Lines and Regional Lines, with the latter being slightly more expensive. Moreover, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku uses a separate fare table from the three Honshu companies (namely, East, Tokai and West). When traveling between them, an extra surcharge will be added to the distance fare, also calculated by distance. The fares within large metropolis are also calculated differently, but since all fares nowadays are computed automatically by a vending machine, passengers need no worry about these details in practice.
When a parallel Shinkansen route exists alongside a JR Conventional mainline, the fares will not increase due to the longer route. Passengers who purchased an additional Limited Express ticket in this case could rest assure knowing that their basic fare ticket are still valid despite the use of the Shinkansen, as the ticket will treat the parallel Shinkansen to be identical to the conventional mainline.
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指定券
Reserved Seat Tickets
指定卷是磁氣自動席位預約系統當初研發的初衷以及繼續生存的使命。一張座席指定卷可能是一趟旅程舒適的關鍵。值得注意是，即便座席指定卷是獨立收費的一張票卷，大部分情況下會與急行，特急或超特急（新幹線）卷一起打印在同一張票卷裡。
其實，無論是與特急卷綑綁或獨立分開，其功能大部分一致。即便在資訊科技發達的年代，車長可以經過手提終端機查詢座位是否已被預約，也會有需要人手檢票的需要，此時，一張已經被打印出的指定卷為唯一已購票的證據。
The reserved seat ticket is the original motivation behind the magnetic-electronic automatic seat reservation system. Just this one ticket could make or break the comforts of a trip. It should be noted that although this ticket embodies a separate fare, it is most often issued on the same piece of ticket as a express surcharge ticket.
No matter attached or detached, the ticket serves the same purpose. In an world where information about a seat’s sale could easily be retrieved through an handheld terminal, a printed ticket still remains the only resilient proof that you have purchased the seat.
一張由一部MV50指定席售票機外語介面運用東日本網上座席予約系統發行的周遊卷座席指定票 A Reserved Seat Ticket issued by Ekinet (JR East Train Reservation) for an JR East Rail Pass printed using a MV50 Reserved Seat Machine’s English Interface
一張由一部ME4業務終端機為日本周遊卷發行的座席指定票 A Reserved Seat Ticket issued by a ME4 Staffed Terminal for a JR Pass
無論是用周遊卷或者自費購買，由於票面記載著列車的具體資訊，車長檢票時也不時會蓋上列車獨特的蓋章，蓋章上印證著乘車時地，車型等獨一無二的旅遊痕跡，也因此成為許多旅客的珍藏紀念品。此獨特的票卷在電子客票日漸成熟時，依然有力抵抗著被電子化的前途，也在二零二四年在擁有電子劃位系統線路上保持著主流地位。
No matter how the ticket was obtained, through a purchase or as part of a rail pass, it is filled with detailed information about the train ride. Occasionally, the conductor will stamp the ticket with validation stamps oftentimes unique to the service. Because of the physical marks of travel, the reserved seat ticket became an irreplaceable part of a traveler’s collection. And in an increasingly ticket-less world, the reserved seat ticket remains fiercely defiant to being digitalized, with physical tickets remaining mainstream on lines that do offer digital reserved seat ticketing in 2024.
1 | 車票類型 Ticket Type
指定席車票平常會置身於其他票卷裡，此抬頭會表示此票的種類。指定卷為最基本，只包含座席指定的費用，絕大部分時候為劃一的五百三十日圓，但會因車種與路線影響，繁忙路線也會有季節性優惠或收費。此外也有含有急行附加費的普通急行卷，也有乘車特急卷，包含乘車卷以及特急指定席費用。如果座席為綠色車廂，這裡也會顯示相應字眼，表示綠色車廂的額外收費已經計算入票中。
簡單來説，一張票裡好像積木，額外收費一項一項地疊加在基本車費上。額外收費有特急收費，座席費，綠色車費等等。他們可以獨立一張車票，也可以與其他費用一起發行。假如入閘時不清楚需要使用哪一張票卷，最直接的方法就是把所有有關的車票放入檢票機，讓機器判斷如何處理（唯獨大部分機器有同時處理四張票卷的軟件上限）。
It is not uncommon for the Reserved Seat Ticket to live inside of other surcharge ticket, and this title would reflect that. The Reserved Seat Ticket alone is the simplest, and only contains the usually flat 530JPY fare, which may depend on the route and time of year, that is used to reserve a seat. With other surcharges, it can become a Reserved Seat Express Ticket, or a Basic Fare and Express Seat Ticket, where the ticket itself contains additional fares such as the basic fare or the express fare. If the reserved seat is in a green car, the title will also display green car within the name, which reflects the additional green car surcharge which the ticket contains.
To put it simply, the charges are like building blocks, each, one by one built upon the basic fare. The additional charges could be things like Limited Express Surcharges, Seat fees, Green Car surcharges etc. They could be each individual tickets, but could also be paired with each other to become one ticket. If you’re unclear which ticket to insert into the ticket gates, just insert them all, most often the ticket gate will figure out by itself which ticket to validate (do note that most machines have a upper limit of 4 tickets in a stack).
2 | 發車與到著時間 Departure and Arrival Times
列車會準時在上列時間離開或抵達。即使日本鐵道極度準時，也不要在最後一刻才上月台，首先當然是因為列車開出前必須關門，但也因為避免造成登車時出現意外。也不要忘記，如果車次跨越中夜，抵達的時間會是下一天。
The train will almost always depart and arrive on time. Despite the punctuality of the Japanese Railways, never wait till the last minute to arrive on the platform, not only because the door closes before departure, but because your rush to get on the train may result in an accident. If your train passes midnight, never forget that the arrival time would be on the next day.
3 | 愛稱與編號 Train Name and Number
所有有指定席的列車也有愛稱，但並非所有有愛稱的列車有編號，例如宗谷號和日出瀬戸號列車。假如以日文介面打印，此欄將會以漢字或假文表示。乘客必須按照愛稱與編號（如有）登上正確的列車，座席卷才會有效。假如無法登上上列車次，票裡的座席將自動失效，但其他收費（如有）例如乘車卷或特急卷會保持有效，乘客只需重新購買座席卷，或者乘坐自由席便可。
值得一提是即便大部分可指定座位的班次為急行，特急或新幹線等額外收費列車，指定席也可以在普通或快速列車上出現。上列的列車愛稱為大和路快速二零四號，其列車等級僅為無需額外支付特急費用的快速列車，乘客可以附加額外費用予約（利用西日本周遊卷不可免費予約西日本旅客鐵路運行的普通以及快速列車的指定席，唯日本鐵路通票不在此限）
All trains equipped with reserved seats have a name, but not all hold a number, for example, the Soya and the Sunrise Seto. If the ticket is issued through a Japanese interface, the train name would be in Kanji or Kana. Passengers must board the right train with the name and number of the train in order to take a seat at a reserved seat car. In the event that you missed your train, the reserved seat fare will become invalid, but other fares which may be on the same ticket would remain valid, such as the basic fare and the limited express surcharge. Passengers simply must repurchased a new seat reservation or travel unreserved.
It is worth mentioning that while the majority of trains with reserved seats runs on limited express or Shinkansen services, reserved seats on local and rapid trains do exist. The example here is on the Q (Yamatoji Line) Rapid Train number 204, which is a regular rapid train without a express surcharge, any passengers could pay to reserved a seat on this train (Holders of JR West Passes are not eligible to reserve seats for free on Local and Rapid trains operated by JR West, although this restriction does not apply to JR Pass holders)
4 | 指定席 Reserved Seat
所有指定席票卷會有一個指定席，乘客上車後該按照此欄就座。在首都圈以及北海道的一些特急列車裡，例如成田特快，會發售座席未指定特急卷（即便某些車站廣播會錯誤要求所有乘客需持有指定席才能登車），此票容許乘客在當天該線路的任何列車的指定席車廂隨便就座。在這個情況下，即便在後續的車站上車，有指定席的乘客會有優先權使用座位。不過，有指定席的乘客也有自由可以選擇列車上的其他空置座位就座。但注意如果該座席已被預約，乘客也同樣必須讓座給有預約的乘客。
在所有的指定席列車，車長對於座位安排與調動有絕對權力，可以酌情調動座位。假如有其他比較空閒的車廂，車長可以為乘客更改指定席，或者為未指定的乘客補票。在空閒的列車裡，偶然也會為有大型行李的旅客安排多一個座位。在車廂最後一排座位的後方通常會有一些位置，此位置屬於最後一排的乘客，某些列車可以放置大型行李。違規使用此後排空間可能會被罰款。
All Reserved Seat Tickets are associated with a reserved seat, of which the passenger is expected to use. In around Tokyo and Hokkaido, on some limited expresses, such as the Narita Express (although some station announcements do falsely claim requires a seat reservation to board), there will be Unreserved Tickets (not Non-Reserved, technically different), which permits the holder to board any trains on the route for the day and take any empty seat on said train’s reserved cars. Despite boarding at a later station, passengers with seat reservations have priority over the seat in question, or she may opt to take any other empty seat as if he was unreserved. Although, if a passenger with a seat reservation shows up, she must yield her seat for the other passenger.
In all reserved seat trains, the conductor have absolute authority over the seat reservations, and at her discretion may alter the seating arrangements. For example, if there was an empty car, the conductor may help passengers move into the empty car, or to help non-reserved passengers with obtaining a seat reservation. In rare cases, the train conductor may mark a seat as occupied for passengers who may need an extra seat for belongings. There are usually spaces at the back of the last row, these spaces are to be exclusively used by the passengers on the last row which on some trains, may be used by luggages. The conductor may fine passengers for using these spaces illegitimately.
5 | 特別標記 Special Denotation
此特別標記代表此票發行的條件，與上敘的車票種類有近似的功能。常見標記有特，代表著特急卷，幹，代表此票適用於新幹線上，以及英文字幕J，代表此票按照日本鐵路通票的條款發行。
假如車票按照日本鐵路通票條款發行，乘車人護照號碼最後四位數字必須與指定席卷記載的號碼一致，並且必須持有相同號碼的通票一起使用。假如其中一張不同，該車票就會無效，乘客就必須從新購票或在車上補票。
The special denotation represents the terms of conditions that this ticket was issued under, the effects of this closely intertwines with the aforementioned ticket type. Common denotation includes 特, which represents that the ticket was issued for a limited express train, 幹, which represents that the ticket was issued for a shinkansen train and the letter J, which denotes that this ticket was issued under the terms of the Japan Rail Pass.
If the ticket was indeed marked with J and issued with a Japan Rail Pass, the holder’s last 4 digits of the passport must match what is on the ticket to be valid, and the ticket must then be used together with a matching JR Pass. If either one of the three differs, the tickets will become invalid, and the passenger must repurchase a new ticket or buy one from the conductor.
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